In 2018, the primary source for dedicated hydrogen production came from natural gas through steam methane reforming - 71%, coal through gasification - 27%, and the remaining 2% from partial oxidation of oil and electrolysis (see Figure 2.2) (IEA, 2019). Buses that will need to be recharged frequently and quickly throughout the day be more suitable for hydrogen technology. David Webster of Forth & Tay Offshore said: "We are looking to build on the opportunity from the growing pipeline of Scottish, UK and global offshore wind projects and the need to grow local . Hydrogen has become the main commercial and domestic heating fuel (35 TWh), accounting for nearly half of the overall annual hydrogen demand in Scotland. The results of the sensitivity analysis are detailed in Table 4.7 to 4.9. It provides background information on climate change, related targets and key issues. Scotland is one of the leading nations in green hydrogen, having developed the world’s first hydrogen production system from tidal energy (Surf'n'Turf, 2017), incorporating anaerobic digestion (AD), combined heat and power (CHP) and electrolysis to produce and utilise hydrogen and oxygen as part of the Outer Hebrides Local Energy Hub (OHLEH). Two main areas of offshore activity are addressed in this book: Site investigation on assessment; and Applications and foundation engineering. As discussed in more detail in Chapter3, opportunity may exist to repurpose these pipelines for hydrogen export to Europe. Nearly all petrol and diesel vehicles have been replaced by hydrogen fuel cell or battery electric vehicles. out more about cookies, Later delivery year: 2032 compared to 2028; and. This introduces the complexity of seasonal hydrogen storage and additional CAPEX and OPEX for large-scale offshore storage. Investment in electrolysers would only be attractive to asset-owners who are likely to face curtailment. Therefore, the LCO scheme would have to be designed in a way to ensure that heating bills do not significantly increase by replacing natural gas with more expensive green hydrogen. This is the most common way to produce hydrogen at present and does not incorporate carbon capture (this would add approximately £0.5/kg of hydrogen produced). In such a global market, Scotland facilities and suppliers will need to be world-class if they are to win work from offshore wind companies. The Highlands Green Hydrogen Hub. The wind farm is not grid connected, and all the energy generated is used for hydrogen production. The consortium currently includes the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. This is equivalent to fuelling 42 million large cars, 1.7 million trucks, 250,000 buses, and more than 5,500 trains[6] (FCH JU, 2019). and operate offshore wind projects in Scotland: DEME Concessions brings together all investments and expertise of the DEME Group in the • fields of offshore wind and other renewables, green hydrogen, port development, Public Private Partnership (PPP) Infrastructure, environment, and marine resources. The carbon intensity of each sector shown in Figure 4.9 identifies sectors that are the most promising to become decarbonised by replacing traditional technologies that use fossil fuels with green hydrogen. The costs also do not consider any capital costs associated with the adoption of hydrogen (e.g. As the model is not location dependent, TNUoS and BSUoS charges have been averaged across the Scottish regions. This is very close to the Scenario 3 baseline LCoH of £2.26/kg. The ambitious estimate aligns with the inputs of the ORE Catapult in their OSW-H2: Solving the integration challenge report and can be used to model LCoH for scenarios where significant cost reductions in offshore wind costs are anticipated, such as long-term ambitions. The heat sector is the most promising sector in terms of hydrogen demand potential but equally the least cost-competitive sector compared to the fossil fuel replaced. The document, which is intended as a "clear signal of intent" for the industry and investors, sets an initial target of 5GW of renewable and low carbon domestic hydrogen production by 2030; enough to power the equivalent of 1.8 million homes. The planned development scenario focuses on Scotland’s hydrogen demand in 2025, 2032 and 2045, assuming optimistic projections with regards to hydrogen technology uptake. This report on the government fund to support private sector jobs and growth in places that rely on the public sector, the Regional Growth Fund, finds that the initial £1.4 billion investment could result in some 41,000 more full-time ... The results for the three base scenarios are presented below in Table 4.6. This is a fast-evolving sector and while this report has attempted to capture the current snapshot as comprehensively as possible, it is recognised that there may be additional projects, especially if only recently announced. The full characteristics of these are identified below, after a description of the cost modelling methodology. Therefore, the values described in this section are the cost parity levels at which hydrogen would need to be sold for in order to be competitive with its fossil fuel equivalent for the same service. The model includes two input values for fixed and floating offshore wind CAPEX costs; a conservative estimate and an ambitious estimate. In July 2020, the Al Dhafra facility in the United Arab Emirates secured world’s cheapest solar deal with a 2GW capacity and at £10.4/MWh of a levelized cost of electricity (Recharge, 2020). The figure shows that transport and heat are the two key sectors to be decarbonised with hydrogen technology. The UK has proven itself as a world leader in supporting offshore wind, tidal and other clean power generation technologies. Progressive incentive (or natural gas disincentive) will be required to decarbonise Scotland’s heat sector as discussed in Section 4.3. Hydrogen can replace various fossil fuel sources across different sectors, which means that the end-user market price will vary significantly across the demand sectors. This value is close to the projected cost parity with average petrol cars. This is the main reason why sparsely populated Australia with abundant solar, wind and coal resources is interested in supplying Japan with hydrogen carried on board of ships. The most important developments in Scotland that are on the horizon are as follows (CMS, 2020); Green hydrogen projects in Scotland, as well as worldwide, have been funded predominantly on a project-by-project basis to climb the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) ladder. It does not focus on establishing the actual full costs of hydrogen production and corresponding sale price. The Scottish Government, Scottish Enterprise, Highlands and Islands Enterprise and a consortium of industrial partners led by EMEC, commissioned Xodus Group to provide an initial assessment of Scotland's opportunity to produce green hydrogen from offshore wind. It should be highlighted that the calculations were based on cost parity including Fuel Duty and VAT (e.g. The overall hydrogen use is negligible compared to the overall energy demand in Scotland, less than 0.5%. Overall, the results of the three baseline scenarios were as anticipated and align with other cost-models in the public domain. An export cable runs from site to an onshore electrolyser, sized to match the capacity of the wind farm. if cost parity in the transport sector in 2032 is £3.5/kg and the levelised cost of green hydrogen production and delivery to the refuelling station is £3/kg, hydrogen would be cost competitive since it would be able to supply hydrogen at a lower cost than it could sell it for. The existing grey hydrogen production hubs in Scotland, the rest of the UK and continental Europe have been mapped out and are shown in Figure 2.12. In the sensitivity analysis, the model input parameters were modified to their limits for each of the scenarios. Further analysis will be required to obtain more accurate results. Speaking at an Opportunities Forum Scotland webinar entitled 'Green hydrogen at industrial scale for a zero-carbon future,' Scottish Enterprise hydrogen specialist David Holman said "Scotland has an enormous opportunity to produce green hydrogen from offshore wind, for its own domestic use, and for export." It should be highlighted that all these projections consider optimistic assumptions within each technology. This book presents the current state of the hydrogen economy with the focus on applications in the automotive technology and industry - Where are we in the implementation of hydrogen economy? What are the perspectives? Your feedback will help us improve this site, Offshore wind to green hydrogen: opportunity assessment, Find The cost parity projections for 2032 identified hydrogen cost per sector that the end-users are likely to be willing to pay to replace the use of fossil fuels. The map shows a total of 40 hydrogen projects in Scotland either operating or in the project pipeline. Offshore wind with green hydrogen is a major UK opportunity. Large-scale, low-carbon hydrogen production projects have also been advancing recently, which will be crucial to meet Europe’s hydrogen demand in line with the 2-degree target. Considering that Scotland is already a net exporter of renewable power indicates that it could also become an exporter of green hydrogen in the future to the rest of the UK and other energy markets, such as Germany. The UK has outstanding OSW resource, with the potential for over 600GW in UK waters, and potentially up to 1000GW, well above the figure Speaker. Green hydrogen has the potential to decarbonise various energy-intensive sectors which currently rely on the use of fossil fuels. The values for the key input parameters for all three scenarios are listed in Table 4.4 and Table 4.5. October 2021 , Scotia Supply Chain . out more about cookies. • Scottish Hydrogen Assessment Report • Scottish Offshore Wind to Green Hydrogen Opportunity Assessment • Deep Decarbonisation Pathways for Scottish Industries Study. The cost parity outputs are based on the final price paid by consumers. The cost of producing, storing and delivering green hydrogen to the end-user is not likely to be cost competitive with the current use of fossil fuel technologies on purely cost vs cost basis. This study was a multifaceted assessment of the Scottish opportunity to produce green hydrogen from offshore wind. The Scottish and UK governments, the SIA said, must help "prime early investment" to build world-class port facilities. The project locations can then be compared with the existing hydrogen hubs to assess whether the existing demand centres trend are still valid for future projects. 2.4 Hydrogen Cost Parity Projections. Because hydrogen is produced offshore, no export cable is included. Export cable losses: greater hydrogen production due to no export cable losses; Inclusion of transport and storage costs; and, Fresh water supply (Scottish water mains vs. desalination); and. This market-driven solution could help to solve the ‘chicken and egg’ situation between hydrogen supply and demand. (onshore and offshore wind, and green hydrogen) and a true . Scenario 2: Commercial scale offshore wind farm coupled with onshore hydrogen production; 3. The European Commission recover plan ‘Next Generation EU’ states that investing into hydrogen technologies is a priority to ensure that EU adapts to sustainable economic growth and becomes the leading region of hydrogen development by creating long-term, resilient jobs. The UK projections are based on Xodus’ internal modelling projections, which are aligned with The UK Clean Growth Strategy where possible (UK Gov, 2017). Some trains, ferries and small domestic aircrafts connecting remote airports also use hydrogen. Figure 2.13 also shows that the majority of projects include green hydrogen production (dark purple, dark blue, light blue and dark green colours), which supports the idea of Scotland being a green hydrogen production hub (due to its abundant renewables resources) and potentially export the surplus hydrogen to the rest of the UK and continental Europe in the future. Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RFTO) is the UK Government incentive scheme to decrease the carbon footprint within the transport sector by supporting the use of biofuels (UK Gov, 2019). It might be possible to incentivise increased use of hydrogen and electrolysis through modifications to the existing CfD auction infrastructure currently in place to support low-carbon electricity technologies. Each of the sectors use different fuels and technologies with different efficiencies. Our ambition is to become a local multi-technology renewable energy producer (onshore and offshore wind, and green hydrogen) and a true driving force enabling Scotland to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045." said Louis Blanchard, President of Qair. We read with interest the recent Scottish Hydrogen Assessment hot on the heels of the coverage of hydrogen in the Energy White Paper.Since TNEI's delivery of the UK's first co-located hydrogen and wind demonstration project in Rotherham some time ago, hydrogen technology and applications have come into increasingly sharper focus for our clients and partners. Therefore, the cost parity results within the electricity sector are only indicative, based on the average wholesale price of natural gas and Lower Heating Values of natural gas and hydrogen, assuming that hydrogen would be burnt in large hydrogen gas turbines to generate electricity. There is also the North Sea Wind Power Hub project (see Figure 2.9), which focusses on connecting 10,000 offshore wind turbines in the North Sea to a centralised artificial island. The second option is to penalise carbon emitting sectors by introducing carbon price based on the carbon intensity of each fuel based on the emission abatement potential within each sector. The Hydrogen Policy Statement is supported by three additional reports: the Scottish Hydrogen Assessment, Scottish Offshore Wind to Green Hydrogen Opportunity Assessment, and Deep Decarbonisation Pathways for Scottish Industries. The full inputs for scenario 1 are listed below in Table 4.1 The high-level flow chart for Scenario 1 is also shown below. Three scenarios were developed that showed different sizes of hydrogen economy in Scotland. Exploited to their fullest extent, renewables can wholly replace the role of fossil fuels in the Scottish economy but the challenge is a tough one. Predicted technological learning curves were derived from data taken from research publications to account for increased stack lifetime, reduction in electrolyser CAPEX and reduction in stack replacement cost with time. Setting a certain percentage to come from electrolysis rather than fossil fuels (with the percentage increasing gradually every year) could significantly increase the use of green hydrogen within the transport sector. This is due to the geographical location of Scotland, where a larger portion of energy is used for heating. Scottish Enterprise procured and managed the Scottish Offshore Wind to Green Hydrogen Opportunity Assessment and supported the Hydrogen Assessment Project. As a part of the policy focused section, a carbon intensity assessment was considered. This section discusses what schemes could be adopted to support green hydrogen development in Scotland. "The Scottish government has committed to working in partnership with industry to maximise the economic and environmental benefits which hydrogen can deliver on the road to net-zero. It should be reiterated that the cost parity projections and the consequential carbon price estimates only considered the cost of fuel (operating costs) and not the total cost of ownership. This has emerged from the Linz Declaration Hydrogen Initiative, which has been signed by 28 European countries, and 100 businesses, organisations and institutions to accelerate the uptake of hydrogen technology in the EU (IEA, 2019). These scenarios were derived from the Scottish Hydrogen Assessment (SHA) (Arup, 2020), which developed a range of distinct viable scenarios for hydrogen deployment in Scotland and provided an economic assessment of those scenarios. The first option is to provide direct subsidy to lower the costs associated with green hydrogen production, storage and delivery to the end user. This Guide contains many examples illustrating how business organizations are putting Life Cycle Thinking into practice all over the world. DeepWind, a Scottish offshore wind supply chain cluster has signed a collaboration agreement with its German counterpart WAB, to promote offshore wind and green hydrogen generation. The last Call for Proposals included 24 topics and has a budget of £83 million. It should be noted that this requirement does not apply to sectors where hydrogen is being burnt, such as the heat sector. The model included cost reduction projections of the main components to evaluate how the production cost (in £/kg) is likely to reduce over time. The north of Scotland's offshore wind cluster organization, which has more than 450 members said the 3-year memorandum of understanding with Bremerhaven-based WAB . Green hydrogen opportunity Xodus Group's Scottish Offshore Wind to Green Hydrogen Opportunity Assessment was commissioned by the Scottish Government, Scottish Enterprise, Highlands and Islands Enterprise and a consortium of industrial partners led by EMEC. The LCoH, defined by Equation 1 below, is a metric used to define the costs of hydrogen production over the lifetime of the assets, similar to levelized cost of electricity often used in the renewables industry. Power Engineering Editors. The model allows the user to select whether the electrolyser location is offshore or onshore. The quoted cost for such a supply is approximately £2/kg of hydrogen produced, which covers CAPEX and OPEX for the equipment required and supply of natural gas (TNEI and Pure Energy Centre, 2020). Green hydrogen produced through electrolysis can meet the purity criteria. This section summarises the most recent developments in the hydrogen policy arena to support Scotland’s 2045 net-zero target and what may be required to replace fossil fuels with green hydrogen instead. We bring together a unique combination of financial, technical, project development and offshore operations capability, with deep Scottish roots, a commitment to delivery and a clear vision for ScotWind. It is important to note that the model was not intended as a full financial model, but as a comparison between three generation scenarios and for understanding the key cost drivers of green hydrogen. Table 4.10 below shows the assumptions used in defining the transport costs in the model. It should be noted that whilst Spain, which is currently a large producer of hydrogen in Europe, does not look to have secured and confirmed as many future hydrogen hub projects as other European countries, the country still has potential in leading hydrogen production for Europe due to its substantial solar and wind resources. Scotland is set to become a leading hydrogen nation, with an ambition to generate 5 GW of renewable and low-carbon hydrogen by 2030 - enough to power the equivalent of 1.8 million homes. This section also provides a location overview of existing low-carbon hydrogen projects in operation and a lookahead into future approved hydrogen projects (currently in their initial concept, pre-construction or construction stages) based in Scotland, rest of the UK and continental Europe, which are.
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